Journal of Human Sciences

KWATANTA BIKIN SALLAR ASHURA DA YA SHAFI ADDINI TSAKANIN BIRNIN GHAT DA MURZUK

Hassan Mahadi Jibrel — Tue, 17 Jan 2023 00:00:00 +0200

Wannan takarda ta na, qoqari bayyana waxansu bukukuwa da suka shafi addini a birnin Ghat da kuma birnin Murzuk,a qasar Libiya.ta hanyar bayani da kwatanta wxannan bukukuwa Wanda Hausawa suke kira da sallar bukin cika-ciki,da kuma Larabawan Ghat da kuma Murzuk suke kira da sunan sallar bukin Ashura.Wanda ake gudanar da shi a ranar tara da goma ga watan Muharam,wato a farkon wata a shekarar musulunci.A garin Ghat a na kiransa da yaren A bzinawa da (Tallitin sibaibai)wato watan Muharam wanda ya zama wani bangare ne na ala'dunsu wadanda suke kiyyewa har ila you . waxannan bukukuwa da ake yi a birnin Ghat suna da siffofi daban –daban.kamar yadda muka ga abaya.wasu daga cikin su suna da halin bakin ciki na kisan Husaini wanda suke kira a Ghat da daren (alali yauxa) wato ita ma kalman abzananci ne ta ke nufin (faduwan sharifi) Awannan takarda an yi amfani da ra'in Edward (1959).domin nazarin qwatanta al'adu.Takarda ta mayar da hankali wajen gano al'adun da suka yi kama da waxanda suka banmbanta,a bangaren Ashura (cika ciki) tsakanin Larabawan Libiya mazaunan garen Ghat da kuma mazauna garen Murzuk.Ta hanyar tattaunawa da hira da kuma ziyartar gani da Ido don yin cikakken bayyani game da bincike.

Similarities between the Arabic language and Hausa language

Kassim Mahanuod Bilal, Issa Ahmed Ibrahim — Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The relationship between the two languages is of great significance, and the similarity between the two languages goes beyond their borders to the similarity between Hausa and other Semitic languages, such as Himyaritic, Kaduna, and Aramaic. This fully indicates that the Hausa language has a close relationship with the Semitic languages and the Arabic language in particular. The study addressed the similarities in words, grammatical vocabulary, and morphology between the Arabic and Hausa languages used in the city of Kano, located in the north of Nigeria, as well as defining the word Hausa and the countries that speak the Hausa language and its spread around the world, along with mentioning the universities that teach this language.

Ibn Sina and the controversy over his being the philosopher (Sheikh) and the loyal physician

Eabdul-basit Othman ali — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This research is concerned with examining one of the significant issues in the history of the medieval Arab Islamic philosophy, related to the contribution of the influential philosopher ‘Sheikh Ibn Sina’, which was considered by many critics controversial by all the means, as some of them tend to consider it the peak of the development of philosophy in Islamic civilization. While others view it as decline of the Islamic civilizational project in its Eastern phase, this research set off from a problematic hypothesis that sees in the philosophy of Ibn Sina the commencement of adoption of the Gnostic discourse in Arab-Islamic culture and the decline of rational discourse, and to achieve this goal, the Sheikh relied on employing the theory the Gnostic overflow, in which he wanted to establish a compound separation of two types ; the first is concerned with drawing a dividing line that distinguishes the supralunar world and the sublunar world. Based on this distinction, the second separation is established, the scope of which will be the world under the orbit of the moon, and its subject is the separation between the soul and the body. By completing the two separations, the way is opened for the Gnostic Sufi discourse to enter the centre of Arab-Islamic culture. It is worth mentioning that the writer of this study tends to adopt the critical analytical Approach with the aim of interrogating texts.

The revolutionary and intellectual legacy of Sheikh Anta Diop

Ahmaed Hmad Bousbaa — Mon, 06 May 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The research addresses the intellectual vision of Sheikh Anta Diop, who believes that Africa is the cradle of humanity, that everything began in Africa, that Egyptians and Africans descend from the same ancestors, and that the ancient Egyptian civilization was essentially an African Negro civilization. This is due to the close links between the West African Wolof languages and the ancient Egyptian languages. Anta Diop says that Egyptian civilization is for Africans what Greek civilization is for the West, and that the origins of Hellenic civilization were located in Black Africa, which produced thought and science and influenced the emerging intellectual and philosophical movement in Greece. Ancient times, refuting the Western point of view that the West is the origin of human civilization and its human achievements.

La cohérence et les reprises lexicales de texte : Travail sur l’article de Bernard Combettes « Introduction et reprise des éléments d’un texte », Pratiques n°49 mars 1986, pp.69-84

Mohammed Altammami — Tue, 28 May 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Notre travail, en effet, s’appuie sur la règle de cohérence textuelle il porte sur deux des méta-régles : la règle de progression, la règle de répétition. Nous travaillons sur des exemples extraits d’un article du Monde. Nous examinons d'un part l'introduction de nouveaux éléments dans le texte et d'autre part la reprise des éléments déjà introduits dans la suite du texte. Le but de notre travail est d’apporter de nouvelles méthodologies à l’université de Sebha, au sujet de l’apprentissage de l’écriture et du français langue étrangère.

Lugha Na Utamaduni: Uhusiano Wa Kisemantiki Katika Methali Za Kiswahili Na Kiarabu

Abdellatif laabidi — Wed, 05 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Makala hii imejikita katika mtazamo mtambuka na linganishi wa taaluma za lugha na utamaduni. Lengo la makala hii ni kuonesha uhusiano kati ya utamaduni wa Mwarabu na Mswahili kupitia lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiarabu katika nyanja ya kiisimu. Inaainisha mfanano baina ya methali za Kiswahili na Kiarabu katika mawanda ya semantiki. Kwa kutumia nadharia ya Grice ya semantiki makusudio, makala hii inajenga hoja kuwa methali za Kiswahili na Kiarabu zinathibitisha uwepo wa uhusiano ambao unaashiria na kuthibitisha mwingiliano wa kitamaduni baina ya Waswahili na Waarabu. Imebainika kuwa methali za pande zote mbili zinashiriki mantiki kimuktadha kwa kuzingatia lengo la ujumbe wa methali husika. Data ya makala hii ilikusanywa kupitia mahojiano pamoja na upitiaji matini. Sehemu kubwa ya data iliyokusanya inajumuisha methali za Kiswahili na Kiarabu pamoja na maana zake. Pia wazungumzaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili na Kiarabu wapatikanao jijini Dar es Salaam, Tanzania walihusika katika mahojiano. Walihojiwa juu ya maana na matumizi ya methali hasa katika nyanja ya familia na mfumo wa haki. Makala hii pamoja na umuhimu wake kitaaluma, inaweza kutumika katika kuimarisha uhusiano wa kiutamaduni na hata diplomasia baina ya Tanzania na mataifa ya Kiarabu.

Training Needs for Improving the Educational Environment for principals of General Education Schools in Waddan/Al-Jufrah – Libya

Faissal Hassan Mohammed Fadl Allah — Wed, 24 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The study aimed to:

1- Identifying the needs of improving the training educational climate for principals of public education schools in waddan/Al-Jufra. 2- Identifying the needs of interaction with the internal and external environment of the training school for male and female directors of governmental general education schools in waddan/Al-Jufra. 3- Detecting statistically significant differences between the arithmetic means of the study sample towards the training needs of improving the educational climate for male and female principals of governmental general education schools in waddan / Al-Jufra, according to the variable: academic qualification. 4- Detecting statistically significant differences between the arithmetic means of the study sample towards the needs of interaction with the internal and external training school environment for male and female directors of governmental general education schools in waddan / Al-Jufra, according to the variable: practical experience. To achieve this, the descriptive approach was used. The total study population consisted of (601) principals, male and female principals, agents, male and female teachers of the governmental general education schools in waddan /Al-Jufra, distributed among two secondary schools and 9 primary and preparatory schools. The study sample represented 10% of it, with (120) managers, male and female managers, agents, agents, male and female teachers. The questionnaire was its tool. And I reached the following results: A/ that the approval of the needs of determining the improvement of the educational and training climate was high with a degree of I strongly agree. B/ that the approval of the needs of interaction with the internal and external school environment was high with a degree of I agree. A/ There are no statistically significant differences at the level (α ≥ 0.05) between the arithmetic means of the study sample's responses towards the training needs of improving the educational climate for male and female principals of governmental general education schools in waddan / Al-Jufra, according to the variable: academic qualification. D/ There are no statistically significant differences at the level (α ≥ 0.05) between the arithmetic means of the study sample's responses towards the needs of interaction with the internal and external training school environment for male and female principals of governmental general education schools in waddan / Al-Jufra, according to the variable: scientific experience.

Iconicity as a cognitive linguistic concept

mahfooz gazal — Mon, 29 Jan 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The present paper deals with the concept of “الإيقونية ”, a translation of the term Iconicity,one of the key concepts of cognitive linguistics. Iconicity, which is generally defined as the study of the relationship between form and meaning in a linguistic unit, is conceived in this paper to encompass and address much of the issue of linguistic usage,particularly in the cases of words the forms of which are loaded with what suggests their meaning. The issue is broader than a mere imitation. The concept has been applied to examples of Arabic language uses. The research study has also investigated to what extent iconicity was present in the commentators’ interpretations of some of the Quranic verses and Quranic scripts, mainly those with unfamilar word spelling and diactric forms.The research findings have highlighted the importance of iconicity in the linguistic phenomenon and the extent of its ability to explain many linguistic uses in different contexts.

History of the Arab–Arab conflict between Qaysiyya tribes and Yemeni tribes in Andalusia

Mona A B Elhuoni — Sun, 26 May 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The Arabian Peninsula was witnessing a state of competition between the Adnan tribe, also called the “Qaysiyya tribe," and the Qahtani tribe, called the “Yemeni tribes”. This conflict extended from the pre-Islamic era until after Islam, especially in the Umayyad Caliphate. Because of the hostility that some of these tribes have towards each other, this conflict manifested itself in the form of a struggle over influence, power, and jurisdiction. This conflict left a clear mark on the history of Andalusia. Thus, the general form of rule in Andalusia became the exchange of hegemony over the states in Morocco and Andalusia between the Qaysiyya tribe and the Yemeni tribes. The sons of Umayya, according to their political interests, sometimes approached the Qaysiyya tribe when they shared political interests with them. On the other hand, they approached the Yemeni tribes when they had political benefits with them. They thought these strategies would be the continuation of the Umayya Empire. The Arab-Arab conflicts between the tribes and the civil war between the sons of Umayya, who disputed the caliphate among themselves, were two of the main reasons for the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia.

Al-Sadiq Al-Nayhoum's modernist interpretations of the miracles of the prophets.

Mohanad Ibrahim Abdallah Ben Omran — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This research is based on the study of the views of Al Sadiq Al Nayhoum that are related to the miracles of the prophets, by extrapolating his authorship, presenting his statements, analyzing and criticizing them. It also highlights the importance of conducting the research, in intersection, to his understanding and views as a modernist figure influential on the cultural level.

The research comes out in an introduction, an exploratory section, three proposed demands, and a conclusion.

The main findings of this research have been focusing on the exegetical matters of Al Nayhoum’s attitudes towards the prophets’ miracles. Within the purview of the research, these convictions are found to deny them as his inductive-exegetic and the deductive-dogmatic interpretations (contrary to the religious texts) are mostly based on argumentative theses of Orientalists and that most of his claims adherent to the subject of the study lack the axiomatic foundations of scientific research.

KUCHUNGUZA UKOMBOZI ZINAZOJITOKEZA KATIKA RIWAYA YA "KULI"

Ahmed Emhemad Badda, Ali Idris Ali Aburima — Wed, 22 May 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Makala hii inabainisha ukombozi uliojitokeza katika riwaya ya ( Kuli ), na kuelezea mbinu za kisanaa zilizotumiwa na mwandishi katika kujenga dhamira ya ukombozi katika riwaya hiyo, na data za makala hii zilikusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu za uchambuzi wa kimaudhui, na upitiaji wa nyaraka. Data hizo zilizokusanywa zilichambuliwa kwa kutumia mkabala wa kimaelezo na nadharia ya Saikolojia Changanuzi.

The role of Libyan women in achieving development and development of society: Women in the city of Sebha as a model

Zinab Abdalla Salem lallouh , Hana Abdulmuetamid Abdullah Aboulqasim — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This study aims to explain the concept and dimensions of sustainable development, identify the role played by Libyan women in the city of Sebha in social and economic activities, and finally highlight the difficulties and challenges that hinder Libyan women in the city of Sebha in sustainable development and community development. Women are considered effective elements and contributors to the development of society. Therefore, its development mission has become the advancement of society for the better, and on this basis the study starts from a basic hypothesis which is to verify the extent of women’s role in achieving sustainable development, through the realistic experiences that women in the city of Sabha have undergone in all developmental, social and economic fields. This study follows an approach Inductively using descriptive analysis through the qualitative approach by conducting personal interviews with female leaders in the city of Sabha as a tool for collecting data.One of the most prominent results of the study is that Libyan women, specifically women in the city of Sebha, made a significant contribution to achieving sustainable development in social activity in terms of helping poor families, helping young people in some areas, and establishing many projects with women of limited income, and also contributed to achieving useful and fruitful social communication and encouraging... Others to set up projects. As for their economic activity, from the point of view of the respondents, it was found that there is no support from the state. Most families depend on their income to participate in their economic activities from associations with individual or community projects, such as: holding exhibitions, courses, sewing activities, and traditional food. The difficulties and challenges that hinder Libyan women in the city of Sabha in sustainable development and community development were represented by the woman herself or in her social environment. And also customs and traditions, the difficulty of women in the city of Sabha in moving from one place to another, and society’s view of women in the city of Sabha through her playing a secondary role in this matter.

It is hoped that this study has contributed to shedding light on reconciling the role of Libyan women with sustainable development and community development as two important variables in the current era in all fields.

Tamathali za Semi katika Mashairi ya Shaaban Robert

Badredden — Tue, 06 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Makala hii inachunguza Tamathali za Semi katika mashairi ya

Shaaban Robert katika kazi zake za fasihi za Pambo la Lugha na

Maisha Yangu na Baada ya Miaka Hamsini.

Uchambuzi wetu ulijielekeza katika kuchunguza Uchambuzi wa

Kifafanuzi tamathali za semi zinazojitokeza katika mashairi ya

Shaaban Robert ndani ya vitabu teule na kwa kiasi gani msanii

aliitumia.

Katika makala hii tumegundua kuwa msanii alitumia tamathali za

semi kama mbinu ya kisanii kuwasilisha ujumbe kwa hadhira yake.

Sitiari. ,Tafsida, Takriri, Tashbiha, Tashhisi,

Tamathali za semi ambazo zimeonekana kutumiwa zaidi katika

mashairi hayo ni sitiari, tashibiha, tashihisi, tafsida na takriri.

Mwandishi pia alilenga kutumia Tamathali za Semi katika

katika ushairi wake ili kushughulikia baadhi ya masuala

ya kijamii, kama vile ukatili dhidi ya wanawake na nafasi

zao katika jamii.Hili ndilo lililofanya mashairi ya mwandishi kuwa na thamani ya kifasihi na kijamii, namtindo wake kuwa na mvuto katika jamii. makundi mbalimbali ya jamii ya Watanzania.

The phonetic significance of the drawing of letters in the Holy 'Qur’an “Qaloon’s narration as an example'

Al-Tahir Muhammad Al-Madani, Ayoub Mohammed Twatwa — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0200

This research is concerned with studying the relationship between the letters in the Holy Qur’an and their written symbols in the narration of Qaloon of Nafeh Al-Madani. That is, do the drawn letters represent their standard symbols, or are there deviations from those symbols, so they are represented by more than one symbol when they are replaced by another sound due to a relationship between the two sounds in what is known as substitution or reversal, or similarity, or a historical relationship? What is the significance of drawing a letter with a symbol other than its usual symbol? Rather, what is the phonetic significance of a letter that is drawn with two different symbols in one word or two adjacent words?

It should be noted that this research studies what is an actual reality applied in Qaloun’s novel, according to the sources mentioned in this research. By tracing these relationships, it turns out that the double drawing of the letter occurs for phonetic reasons, which the research confirmed through its study of what is known as the feminized ta’ and the bound ha’, and in the drawing of tanween in an accusative case as Alpha (ألفاً).

The research studied the significance of drawing letters with symbols other than those known to be the standard drawing for them, when they change due to their juxtaposition with what is close to them, and this includes drawing a Ta ( تاء افتعل ) as dal (دال) if it is preceded by a za (زاي), a dhal ( ذال), or a dal (دال ) when it is Saakin, so the origin of dal (دال) in all of this is a Ta (تاء). Among them is the drawing of a Ta ( تاء افتعل ) as Taa (طاء), if it is preceded by a sād (صاد), or a dhā (ظاء), or a ḍād (ضاد), or a tā’ (طاء ) and be Saakin, but it is drawn with the new symbol for the pronounced word due to the phonetic laws, where the letter begins with one symbol and goes on to another.

The research also dealt with the letter that was drawn with a symbol, but what is pronounced is a different sound. This occurs in the drawing of the Alif as yaa with its origin yaa, such as: فتىا , استسقىـاـه, and رأىا ; and the drawing of the Alif as Waw with its origin waw as in words such as الصلـاوة , الزكـاوةand الحيـاوة ،, including what happens in what is known as (al iqlab) the substitution, which is the inversion of the Noon Sakeena and Tanween into meem at the ba, so the decree is the Noon or tanween, and the pronounced one is the meem, in the form of أنـمبأهم, أنْم بوركand هنيأم بما. The al-hamz almusahal بين بين and al-Hamz almubadal have been drawn by the taghdirah, as the taghdirah formally replaces the deleted hamza, but the operative hamza is the Alif, or the lengthened yaa, or the lengthened waw, in the case of the al-hamz almusahal. And it is pronounced as a soft yā’ or a soft wāw in the case of substitution, and all of these changes in the pronounced and decreed are caused by the juxtaposition of the letters and their closeness in the nouns and adjectives.

The research reached results, the most important of which are that the double drawing of letters is due to the phonetic rules that impose it, and that the independence of the two adjacent words has an impact on this, and that some connection in words is arbitrary and not real and has its effect in drawing; in addition to the relationships of proximity and juxtaposition, the relationship between the letter and its symbol is affected by the historical relationship of writing letters, and is subject to the principle of evolution.

ÉCRIRE LE LIEU POUR TÉMOIGNER Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

Mohamed DAW — Mon, 13 May 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The work of Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio, a prominent French writer and Nobel laureate in literature in 2008, is deeply rooted in geography. Places occupy a central role in his writings, almost becoming full-fledged characters themselves, and significantly contribute to the richness of his narratives. Through his novels, short stories, and essays, Le Clézio explores a vast array of landscapes, cultures, and spaces, thus offering readers a literary experience that transcends geographical boundaries. This exploration of places is intimately linked to his reflections on identities, migrations, intercultural encounters, and quests for meaning, making geography an essential element of his artistic vision. In this introduction, we will delve into the fascinating geographical universe of Le Clézio's work, exploring the different places that shape his writing and highlighting how these settings reflect profound and universal themes.

Some of the purposes of the Abbasid poetry of Bashar bin Burd and Abu Tammam: )a comparative study(

Narges AbdelGhaffar Bazheer — Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The research in the theoretical section aimed to talk about poetic purposes in the first Abbasid era in general, and in the applied section it was concerned with studying some poetic purposes in the poetry of (Bashar bin Burd and Abu Tammam) in particular by balancing them. Especially since they are considered among the great poets of the first Abbasid era, and they both belong to a poetic school that differs from the other. The poet (Bashar bin Burd 96-168 AH) is considered one of the first modern or new poets in Abbasid poetry. His poetry ranged between imitation and renewal, so he was imitated in praising And again in satire, pride, and ghazal. As for the poet (Abu Tammam 180-228 AH), he was one of the poets of the third class of hadith scholars. However, we find that he was imitative in some of his purposes and innovative in others. He was even called the poet of craftsmanship due to his excessive use of beautiful embellishments and innovative meanings. The research relied on the descriptive analytical method, with the help of the historical method. The descriptive analytical approach is concerned with extrapolating texts, analyzing them, interpreting them, and then showing the differences between them, by reviewing each purpose of poetry and its interpretation by the two Abbasid poets (Bashar bin Burd and Abu Tammam), and determining the ways they dealt with it. The study also reached the following results: Poetry expresses the life of an individual. Poetry is close to the psyche of its owner. It is a means of expressing what occupies his mind and senses; Although it is his source of livelihood in many cases; He did not spare himself to spread his joys and sorrows. The study concluded use of poets the mastery of stylistic craftsmanship, as they made extensive use of Badi’ with its various types of counterpoint, alliteration, assonance, contrast, and other Badi’ arts. The trends and inclinations of the poets varied, some of them took the mental direction; Or creative, nature photography, or self-expression; Or asceticism, or philosophy.

The role of the teacher in developing educational values among secondary school students Idry School is a model

Nuzhat Muhammad Muhammad othman — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The research aimed to identify the role of the teacher in developing educational values among secondary school students from their point of view. Identifying the difference between the average scores of the sample members on the role of the teacher in developing educational values is attributed to the research variables (Gender, student specialty, teacher specialty) For the purpose of achieving the goal of the research, the researcher designed a tool whose apparent validity and reliability was confirmed and was distributed to a sample of 102 male and female students. The research population included secondary school students in the Edre region, and she used the descriptive analytical approach. To describe and analyze the phenomenon, the researcher reached several results through the questionnaire paragraphs, namely that all teachers seek to develop educational values for students in the middle school certificate, where high averages were obtained. There are no statistically significant differences regarding the role of the teacher in developing educational values. The secondary school students in the Edre area, from their point of view. There are no statistically significant differences regarding the role of the teacher in developing educational values among secondary school students in the Idri region from their point of view due to the student’s specialization variable. There are statistically significant differences regarding the role of the teacher in developing educational values among students The secondary certificate in the Idri region, from their point of view, is due to the teacher’s specialization variable, and these differences are in favor of Arabic language teachers.

Spatial Analysis of The Characteristics of Faculty Members at Sebha University, 2021.

Wafa Mohamed Atia Sakhnouba, Arwa Mohamed Alnaass Altaher — Tue, 06 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The geographical distribution of educational level is considered one of the population characteristics that affect the economic and social situation, and the segment of master’s and doctorate holders represents the highest level of education in society. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the variation in the geographical distribution of faculty members at Sebha University to identification of different concentration patterns and their characteristics. The study relied on the analytical approach, based on the analysis of the questionnaire form, which represents 22% of the total faculty members at Sebha University. The study used the location quotient measure to identify models of the concentration of faculty members. The importance of the study lies in that it shows models of engagement of faculty members in the Fezzan region and the city of Sebha, and uses this to study ways to improve the status of human resources at the university. The results showed that the distribution of faculty members in the Fezzan region varied between areas of very high concentration in the municipality of Sebha, and areas of low concentration in the municipalities of Al-Shati, Murzuq, Ubari, and Ghat. The distribution of teaching staff in the city of Sebha also varied between five levels: areas of very high concentration in Hajjara, high in Mahdia, Secondary School, and Al Gourda, then moderate in the Al-Manshiya and Sokra neighborhoods, and finally low in the Al-Jadeed, Uqaid, and Nasiriyah neighborhoods, and deficient in the Abdul Kafi neighborhood. The main reasons for choosing the place of residence were that it was the original place of residence and work at the university, and then social connections. It was found that the value of economic variables for faculty members in areas of high concentration was higher compared to areas of low concentration.

Libyan Fashion in Ancient Times (Through inscriptions, rock drawings, Pharaonic sources, and classical writings)

mabrooka al_fakhri — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The study of inscriptions, rock drawings, Pharaonic sources, and classical writings has provided us with a clear idea about ancient Libyan clothing. Libyans made their clothes from leather and wool, and traditional Libyan attire consisted of clothing that cover and protect private parts which was the oldest attire known to Libyans and was worn by adult Libyans. One of the Libyan clothes is "Abaya" (cloak), as described in the Akakus paintings, representing human figures wearing cloaks. The abaya is considered one of the most famous clothes worn by Libyans during the modern state in the Pharaonic era. Strabo also mentioned Libyans wearing wide abayas without belts.

Libyans have been interested in hairstyling since ancient eras and the rocky mountains of the Akakus are filled with scenes that represent different hair styling techniques for both men and women. The Pharaonic inscriptions also indicate that the Libyans had various ways of styling their hair. Classical authors also referred to the strands and Libyans' hair while discussing on Libyan tribes.

Libyans made their simple shoes of natural leather (goat and cow) and the inscriptions and rock drawings in the Acacus confirm that Libyans wore shoes. The Egyptian inscriptions also mentioned the shoes and sandals worn by Libyans. Libyans were interested in their adornment and crafted their jewelry from raw materials available in their environment such as feathers, anklets, bracelets, and necklaces. The Acacus rock art represented the jewelry worn by Libyans. Libyans have appeared in Pharaonic artifacts adorned with necklaces bracelets and other ornaments. Herodotus mentioned adornment adorned by Libyan women, the Libyans knew tattoo and used it on their arms and legs. The Pharaonic inscriptions revealed various kinds of tattoos on the bodies of the Libyans.

The role of civil society institutions in community development.Field study (community institutions in the municipality of Tragin(

Emad M Efnek, Naeema. M Abdulkhader — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Civil society organizations contribute to highlighting their role in economic, social, political and security activities, and in the development of the local community in the municipality of Tragin, and civil society organizations in Libya face many difficulties, the most important of which is the lack of clarity and agreement on goals and the difficulty of achieving them.

The importance of this study emerges by highlighting the role of civil society institutions in the development of local communities, through what they provide theoretically and realistically to understand the reality of the role of these institutions in development and the extent of their contribution to the development of the local community, and to identify the degree of practicing voluntary humanitarian work among their employees, and the current study aims to identify the reality of the role of civil society institutions in developing local communities in the municipality of Tragin in southern Libya in particular, to identify the most important obstacles facing civil society institutions in Libyan society in general, and to identify the mechanisms that lead to activating the role of civil society institutions In order to achieve the objectives of this study and answer its questions, it relied on the use of the descriptive method and the social survey method with a sample, and this study is considered one of the descriptive studies, and this study also relied on questionnaire forms as the main tool for data collection, and used a simple random sample consisting of (80) single females and males working in civil society organizations in the municipality of Tragin, and the study relied on the observation and personal interview method with the sample members.

It is clear from the results of the study that civil society institutions in the municipality of Tirghin have a great role in bringing about change and local development through the programs and activities they provide, despite the existence of some obstacles and difficulties that may contribute to delaying their role in development.

Usawiri wa Nafasi ya Mwanamke katika Tamthiliya ya Kiswahili "Tamthiliya ya Alikiona kama mfano"

IsmahanIsmahan Abulkasim Issa Massuod — Sun, 25 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Makala hii inalenga kuchunguza usawiri wa nafasi ya mwanamke katika tamthiliya ya Kiswahili "Tamthiliya ya Alikiona kama mfano" Katika kufanikisha lengo hili, tulichambua usawiri wa nafasi ya mwanamke katika tamthiliya ya Alikiona na kuelezea uhalisia wa nafasi ya mwanamke katika tamthiliya ya Alikiona kwa jamii ya leo. Matokeo ya utafiti yanaonyesha kuwa usawiri wa mwanamke unajitokeza katika maeneo ya mwanamke ni uzinzi, mwanamke ni mtu wa hila na ghilba, mwanamke ni mpenda ufahari, mwanamke ni muongo, mwanamke na mmbeya, mwanamke na ujanja, mwanamke ni mtunza kumbukumbu, mwanamke ni stara, mwanamke ni mpenda kupigwa na mwanamke ni mtoa matusi. Usawiri huu wa nafasi ya mwanamke katika tamthiliya ya Alikiona umethibitika kuwa na uhalisia katika maisha halisi ya jamii ya Watanzania ambapo mwanamke halisi anafanana na mwanamke ambaye anatajwa katika tamthiliya. Wapo wanawake kadhaa ambao wamekuwa na sifa kama hizo za mwanamke anayetajwa katika Alikiona.

The Evolution of the Arab Cold War

Mabrouka Alwerfalli — Sun, 25 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The Arab cold war, in the aftermath of Arab uprising, seems to bear a resemblance to important similarities with the fifties and sixties conflicts in the area which Malcolm Kerr called “the Arab cold war.” The power of the major protagonists in the Arab cold war was measured in their ability to affect political struggles in neighboring states where weak regimes had trouble controlling their own societies and local players sought regional allies against their own domestic opponents. Non-state actors played major roles. One aspect of the new Arab cold war is the paradox of power, where a state’s own military power is not used as a war tool. Instead, the key is to be able to support non-state actors effectively in their domestic political battles within the weak states of the Arab world. The complicated and violent regional politics of the Arab world or the Middle East is better understood as a cold war among a number of regional players, both states and non- state actors, in which Iran and Saudi Arabia play the leading roles. It is a cold war because these two main actors are not confronting and most probably will not confront each other militarily. Rather, their contest for influence plays out in the domestic political systems of the region’s weak states. Non-Arab players have joined the race for leadership and influence. Iran has become a major protagonist in the new Middle East cold war. Turkey has made a bid for a greater regional role. It is not an ideological battle of “progressives” versus “reactionaries.” The line-ups are less ideological and more identity-based. Non-state actors played major roles.

Exploring the dynamics: HRM practices and employee performance in Libyan commercial banks

Ibrahim Massoud, mohamed nagem — Mon, 06 May 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The impact of human resource management on performance is examined. The study collected responses from commercial banks employee . According to the findings, Employees are not happy with the compensation structure and the fairness of performance appraisals. There is a need for interventions to address these concerns according to the results of the survey. Specific sample size was identified as a limitation by the research. A nuanced understanding of HRM practices is important in the study. There is no significant impact of HRM practices on performance. Some of the things that the abstract suggests are future research directions, Advocacy for mixed-method approaches, Expanded sample sizes, And the inclusion of diverse perspectives.