Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences

Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Instant Noodles from Local Markets in Benghazi, Libya

Najat Elziani — 2024-11-21

This study aimed to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in various types of instant noodles collected from different markets in Benghazi, Libya. The levels of five metals—cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and tin (Sn)—were measured using a triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results were reported in parts per billion (ppb). The detected ranges of heavy metals in instant noodles were as follows: cadmium (1.75 to 33.63 ppb), chromium (0.46 to 15.47 ppb), lead (2.11 to 47.48 ppb), arsenic (0.22 to 3.54 ppb), and tin (2.01 to 8.04 ppb). The trend of metal concentrations in the noodles was Pb > Cd > Sn > Cr > As. The levels of the selected heavy metals were comparable to data reported in studies conducted in other countries. The heavy metals measured in this study were found to be within the WHO permissible limits, except for Sample No. 2, which showed a cadmium level exceeding the WHO limit. Therefore, long-term consumption of these noodles could lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in the body, posing potential health risks over time.

Investigating the Adsorption Mechanism of Expired Esomeprazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor on Carbon Steel in Desalination Water

Ibrahim Bakari — 2024-06-27

The impact of expired esomeprazole (C₁₇H₁₉N₃O₃S) as an inhibitor on the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in desalination water was investigated using the weight loss technique. It was discovered that the corrosion rate of the carbon steel specimens decreased with increasing inhibitor concentrations. Based on the results obtained in the Jepril & Bakari (2022) study, isotherm models were utilized to investigate the adsorption mechanism of expired esomeprazole on the surface of carbon steel in the current work. Thermodynamic parameters were also considered. With a correlation coefficient (R²) better than 0.9, the results showed that the inhibitor's adsorption on the surface followed the Langmuir, Freundlich, Adejo-Ekwenchi, and El-Awady adsorption isotherms. Physisorption was identified as the mechanism of adsorption.

Applying Precedence Rules in Executing Work for the Purpose of Balancing Assembly Lines Using Electronic Tables

Salem Elterik — 2024-07-18

The issue of balancing assembly lines is one of the important activities in production and operations management because of its importance in raising the efficiency and effectiveness of assembly lines, reducing wasted time, and reducing bottlenecks that hinder the flow of production. Among the problems facing production operations is the decrease in line efficiency in addition to the presence of wasted time and the occurrence of accidents. Production bottleneck between workstations, so the goal of this paper was to balance the assembly line by following different precedence rules. A system was designed to re-arrange and balance the assembly line using the Excel program, with the aim of obtaining the best arrangement according to five ways of arranging tasks. The results showed that the priority rule for the weighted site weighing method had the highest efficiency of 88% and the lowest wasted time of 22 minutes.

Integrating ChatGPT in Education and Learning: A Case Study on Libyan Universities

Entisar Abolkasim — 2024-07-20

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in the process of learning and education has become one of the revolutionary technological advancements of this era. This study evaluates the potential for integrating ChatGPT into university-level learning and education in Libya. An online questionnaire was distributed to students and academic staff across Libyan universities, with statistical analysis conducted on over 1000 responses to identify patterns. Despite a high number of participants being unfamiliar with ChatGPT, there was strong motivation to learn and integrate it into their work and studies. Scientific research and study emerged as the primary applications of ChatGPT among lecturers and students, respectively, with mobile applications being the most common access point. The findings indicate widespread consent for integrating ChatGPT into the educational process of Libyan universities. However, concerns were raised about overreliance on AI technologies, potentially leading to laziness and compromising integrity and creativity, particularly among students. Given the inevitability and increasing use of such technologies, the study emphasizes the importance of establishing rules and regulations for the utilization and integration of AI-supported tools like ChatGPT.

The awareness of thyroid disorders and an iodine-rich diet among a sample of the population in some western cities of Libya

Thuraya Abuhlega — 2024-07-20

The deficiency of iodine in a diet is a global health issue. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the awareness of thyroid disorders and explore iodine-related dietary knowledge and practices among a sample of the population in some cities in western Libya. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 425 individuals in the population, of whom 265 were healthy and 160 had thyroid disorders. The sample consisted of 72.0% females and 28.0% males. More than a quarter of the sample (26.6%) were between the ages of 38 and 47. The data were analyzed by SPSS. The findings revealed that only 37.9%, 43.8%, and 46.9% of the respondents knew that thyroid dysfunction causes brain damage, iodine is the main cause of thyroid problems, and thyroid disorders are genetic, respectively. As well, almost one-third of respondents (33.0%) expected that the mothers' thyroid problems would cause harm to the fetus. Only 14.6% of respondents realized that the function of the thyroid gland is important for metabolism. The findings also revealed that only 33.4% of respondents knew the main dietary sources of iodine. As well, only 23.5% of respondents ate seafood two or three times a week. Very few of the respondents (8.90%) used iodized salt. The study indicated that there is a need to raise awareness of thyroid disorders and their relationship with food among the population in western Libya. Therefore, effective and continuous programs from responsible authorities are essential.

Study of the nutritional and health status of children with kidney failure and its impact on growth

Izdehar El Ogrban — 2024-08-02

The study aimed to find out the effect of the diet of children with kidney failure who frequent visit Tripoli Medical educational Hospital on their growth and to identify the preventive ways to be Gfollowed through a balanced diet for cases of children with kidney failure. Fourth children were participated in this study. Fifteen of them they were healthy and did not suffer of any diseases and they were conducting periodic analysis in the hospital, their ages ranged between 5-15 years. Whereas, 25 of them were suffering of kidney failure and aged between 3.5-15 years and underwent regular dialysis in the pediatric dialysis unit at Tripoli University Medical Hospital, Libya – Tripoli. Height (m), weight (kg) and BMI (kg/m2) of the samples were measured. Moreover, the periodic analyzes, pathological, and therapeutic data for each patient were also recorded. Their diet were evaluated through a direct questionnaire filled by the patients or their companions. The collected data were analyzed by using the statistical analysis program (SPSS). The results of the study showed that height for sick children (19.86±119) was the most affected measurement compared to weight (6.98±25.05) and BMI (6.43±19.25), in comparison to the healthy children, since their average height was 17.68±142.40, average weight (11.96± 37.13) and average body mass index (17.68±1.81). A non-significant decrease in hemoglobin, vitamin D, and calcium measurements were also found in the chronic renal failure patients, when compared to healthy ones. On the other hand, there is a significant increase in parathyroid hormone and a significant decrease in protein among patients with chronic renal failure compared to the healthy ones. The results also showed that most children with kidney failure suffered of high pressure and high parathyroid hormones. The results also displayed that 40% of the total children consume less than 3 meals per day, and 40% of them consume between 3-5 meals.

A Diagnostic Study of Storm Daniel's Meteorological and Environmental Characteristics in Derna, Eastern Libya, 2023

Haifa Ben Miloud — 2024-08-09

Many climate change hotspots around the world are characterized by annual droughts, floods, and fires. In September 2023, the city of Derna became a significant hotspot that garnered global attention due to severe material and human losses caused by the semi-cyclonic Storm Daniel. This study examines the weather factors influencing this storm, including sea level pressure, precipitation, sea surface temperature, and wind speed, from the 8th to the 11th of September, with a focus on northeastern Libya, where the storm peaked on the 10th. The highest total precipitation recorded in Al-Marj was approximately 379.08 mm per day. Notable precipitation anomalies for September 2023 in northeastern Libya included daily anomalies of 10.91, 14.98, and 9.23 in Benghazi, Al-Marj, and Al-Bayda, respectively, with the highest anomaly recorded in Derna at approximately 16.44.

Health Risk Assessment of Metal Contamination in Four Green Leafy Vegetables from Various Open Markets in Benghazi

Nagwa Ahmida — 2024-08-11

This study analysed aluminium, essential metals (chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper and zinc), and toxic metals (lead and cadmium) in green leafy vegetables (arugula, mint, parsley, and spinach) obtained from various markets in Benghazi city. A flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used to determine the metal contents. Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) calculations were employed to assess non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with the metals in the vegetables. Results showed that aluminium was detected in only 50% of the samples. All vegetable samples contained manganese, iron, copper and zinc within the ranges of 1.072-6.87mg, 26.71-298.4mg, 1.00-3.45mg and 3.61-9.33mg per 1kg of vegetable dry weight, respectively. Nickel and chromium were found in 33% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Cadmium and lead were present in all samples except for two spinach and two parsley samples. The levels of essential metals in the samples were below the maximum allowable limits set by FAO-WHO regulations. However, the contents of nickel, cadmium and lead in some vegetable samples exceeded the maximum limits. The metal contents in the collected vegetables were mostly lower than reported results from previous international studies. The HQ and HI values for the analysed metals were all below unity, suggesting that the consumption of these selected vegetables as part of a daily diet poses no threat to human health.

Application of the Sumudu Variational Iteration Method with Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo Operator for Solving Fractional-Order Heat-Like Equations with Initial Conditions

Ahmad Mtawal — 2024-08-23

Fractional calculus techniques are widely utilized across various engineering disciplines and applied sciences. Among these techniques is the Sumudu Variational Iteration Method (SVIM), which has not yet been tested with the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo fractional derivative in academic literature. This work aims to explore the application of SVIM for solving fractional-order partial differential equations using the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo derivative. The method integrates the Sumudu transform with the variational iteration method. To demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of SVIM, we apply it to solve one-dimensional (1-D), two-dimensional (2-D), and three-dimensional (3-D) fractional-order heat-like partial differential equations. The results indicate that SVIM is both convergent and efficient for solving these types of fractional partial differential equations.

The relationship between tax revenues and economic growth in Libya during the period (1990-2018)

Jummah Bileid — 2024-08-30

The study aimed to measure the relationship between tax revenues and economic growth in Libya during the period (1990-2018), using the standard approach to estimate the relationship between the study variables, Using the ARDL. the study concluded that there is a co-integration relationship in the long term between tax revenues and economic growth, and that tax revenues have a negative impact on economic growth, but the effect not significant at 5%.

Effect of Irrigation with Magnetized Water and Foliar Spraying with Humic Acid on Seedling Growth of Squash Plant (Cucurbita pepo L.) Under Salinity Stress

Yousif Imryed — 2024-09-01

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetic water (MW 14500 Gauss) and humic acid (HA 30 ppm) on the germination and growth of squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) exposed to salinity stress. Salinity stress was imposed by irrigation with saline water at concentrations of 1700, 2700, and 3700 ppm in addition to a control (tap water). The results showed that with increasing salinity stress, all vegetative growth parameters, seed germination ratio, and photosynthetic pigments decreased. On the other hand, foliar application of HA and irrigation with MW had a favorable impact on increasing vegetative traits and photosynthetic pigments. These results give a positive indication of the use of HA and MW to ameliorate the negative effects of salinity on squash plants.

Labour Markets in Libya: Opportunities and Risks

Salih Any — 2024-09-04

The Libyan economy faces significant challenges due to its lack of diversification, with the public sector dominating the labour market. This dominance has led to high unemployment rates, job instability, skills shortages, and widespread informal employment. This research critically examines the current state of the Libyan labour market, identifying both opportunities and risks, and provides a comprehensive overview of Libya’s workforce. The analysis reveals that 67% of the Libyan population is under the age of 35, representing a substantial and expanding workforce. Libya’s strategic location in North Africa provides access to European and African markets, potentially fostering economic growth and job creation. However, a misalignment between workforce skills and private sector requirements impedes sustainable development. Additional challenges include a weak private sector, economic identity issues, and political instability. Reducing reliance on oil and gas, combating corruption, and enhancing the education system are essential for achieving economic resilience and social stability. The findings indicate that labour market programs and institutions have had minimal impact on outcomes, with notable disparities between capital owners and income earners. Women face significant barriers to economic empowerment, despite the presence of inclusive sectors such as hospitality and financial services. Barriers to inclusivity and productivity, including gender disparities, skills mismatches, education gaps, and issues within the informal labour market, persist. Policy interventions are crucial to capitalize on these opportunities and mitigate associated risks through comprehensive labour market strategies.

Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Intermittent Warming on 'Marmandi' Turning Tomato Fruits During Low-Temperature Storage

Mousa Abusasiyah — 2024-09-09

This experiment was conducted on the variety 'Marmandi' turning tomato fruits to investigate the effect of intermittent warming temperatures during extended low chilling temperature storage (21 days) on the subsequent ripening quality of tomato fruits. The quality was measured by assessing the quantitative amount of total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid, as well as the development of fruit color and the evaluation of chilling injury (CI) symptoms. The results indicated that the amounts of total phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid increased significantly during continuous low-temperature storage and after subsequent transfer to room temperature, with this increase being associated with significant loss of ascorbic acid. More frequent periods of intermittent warming (IW) during low-temperature storage were very effective in significantly decreasing the rate of accumulation of phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid losses. A significant reciprocal relationship between the amounts of chlorogenic acid and ascorbic acid was observed. Additionally, the results showed that as IW time increased, its effectiveness in retarding CI significantly improved.

Design Of PV Plant to Improve a Voltage Profile Of 11 KV Grid in The South West of Libya

Mohamad Hossin — 2024-09-22

The use of photovoltaic (PV) system for electricity generation is growing up in the last decades. The
southern part of Libya suffers from voltage fluctuation and intermittence of electricity during the
summer time. The aim of this paper is firstly to study and analysis a distribution grid of small village
located in the southern west region of Libya. We analyzed the existed 11KV distribution overhead
line supplied electricity of the village called Takarkibah using Power-World Simulator in order to
integrate it with PV plant. The results obtained show that injection of PV power about 70 % of the
grid power capacity gives good grid performance. After that, we use SAM simulation program to
design PV plant to improve the voltage profile in the distribution grid. Six designs (scenarios) are
simulated using different solar modules and inverters. The simulation results obtained from SAM
illustrated the power capacity, energy yield, and losses of the designed PV plant.

The Effects of Ubiquinone on the Antioxidant System in Male Rats Exposed to Saccharin-Induced the Hepatic Toxicity

Barga Aboukhezam — 2024-10-19

Saccharin (Sac) is a widely used artificial sweetener with significant applications in the food industry, pharmaceutical formulations, and tobacco products. Despite its popularity, saccharin has drawn attention due to its potential carcinogenic effects and associations with various health risks, including renal impairment, hepatic dysfunction, obesity, and diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Ubiquinone, or coenzyme Q10 (COQ10), on liver toxicity induced by saccharin, focusing on oxidative stress and antioxidant markers. In this experiment, rats were divided into six groups of ten. The control group received no treatment, while the second group was administered COQ10 at a dosage of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight. The third and fourth groups were given saccharin at 1/10 and 1/20 of the lethal dose 50 (LD50), respectively. The fifth and sixth groups received saccharin at the same dosages as the third and fourth groups, but with additional COQ10 supplementation. All treatments were administered orally for 30 days, after which liver tissues were collected to assess oxidative stress and antioxidant markers. The results revealed that saccharin significantly increased oxidative stress in the liver, as evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Additionally, saccharin-treated groups exhibited a marked decrease in antioxidant markers, including reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, the groups that received COQ10 alongside saccharin showed significant improvement, with oxidative stress and antioxidant levels nearly returning to those observed in the control group. These findings suggest that saccharin consumption promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species and contributes to liver damage, characterized by necrotic hepatocytes, sinusoidal dilatation, and inflammatory infiltration. The protective effects of COQ10 in mitigating saccharin-induced oxidative stress highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent for preventing liver damage associated with saccharin intake.

Improving The Performance of The Production Process Using Six Sigma Methodology. A Case Study at The Libyan Iron and Steel Company

Amera Dermish — 2024-10-19

Adhering to the specifications of industrial products is no longer sufficient at the present time with the great competition in the markets, and it has become necessary to achieve customer requirements using more advanced quality improvement methods. This research aims to study the possibility of applying Six Sigma methodology in the Libyan Iron and Steel Company, the benefits resulting from its implementation, and the obstacles that accompany the implementation process. The case was studied at the bar rolling mill plant to know the production process, production quantity, detection of defective parts, finding out the causes of defective occurrence. This was done by forming a team to determine the most important mechanical properties that will be measured (yield stress, tensile strength, elongation), and determining the number and size of samples. Sample data were collected from the rolling mill’s laboratory and analyzed by the statistical Minitab software, plotting X-bar and R (range) chart, analyzing the capability of the production process, and calculating the level of Six Sigma using DPMO. It was concluded in this study that most of the defective specimens were caused by low yield stress due to low carbon percentage. As well as, it is necessary to improve the water cooling process and periodic inspection on it. In addition, the study found that it is important to conduct training programs in order to qualify employees and train them on Six Sigma techniques and tools, as well as providing all requirements for the successful implementation of Six Sigma methodology.

Hydatidosis in Slaughtered Livestock in Al-Qubbah City –Libya

Wafaa Saleh — 2024-11-01

Hydatidosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide including in Libya. It leadsto health problems and economic losses for human and animals. This study was conducted in Alqubbah city and the data of slaughtered animals and the infected ones were obtained by using data forms and interviews with the city abattoir workers. (102) cysts isolated from different organs of an infected animalswere examined to determine the fertility by emptying the hydatid fluids and examining these fluids for the presence of protoscoleces, the viability was determined by staining the scoleces with 0.1% eosin aqueous solution. The results of the study showed that the prevalence rate of hydatid cysts among slaughtered animals was 4.3%. Sheep, females and older animals were the most affected groups. Fertility and viability rates were 49% and 69.4% respectively. Cysts isolated from sheep, hepatic cysts and large cysts had the highest fertility and viability rates. to conclude that sheep play an important role in transmission and continuance of the hydatid cysts infection in the region, whereas they were the most slaughtered and consumed by residents, the hydatid cysts infection in sheep was higher in comparison to the other species and fertility and viability rates were high in cysts isolated from the sheep.

Investigating The Types of Food Additives Used in Some Children’s ‎Favorite Food Products

Naji Aborous — 2024-11-03

Children's food quality control is the process of tracking and inspecting children's food ‎to ensure their safety and quality. This process aims to protect children's health and ‎ensure that products comply with the nutritional standards and requirements specified ‎according to the standard specifications for each food product. Quality control of ‎children's food includes many steps and procedures, which include checking ingredients, ‎production, laboratory testing, data label, packaging material, transportation, handling, ‎and storage, until it reaches consumption. This study aimed to investigate the types of ‎food additives in some food products that children prefer and which may harm their ‎health. The food additives recorded in the labeling card of (76) food products were ‎examined in some stores and markets selling food products in the city of Nalut, some of ‎which were produced in Libya and some of which were imported from (15) countries. ‎The descriptive analytical approach was followed in analyzing the data, and the ‎percentages of product non-compliance with what was stated in the standard ‎specifications were calculated. The results of the study showed that most of the food ‎products consumed by children's from stores and markets in the city of Nalut had a ‎percentage of non-compliance with national and international standard specifications as ‎follows: flavorings 43%, food colorings 30%, acidity-regulating additives 63%, ‎emulsifying agents 42%, food additives Thickener 13% and antioxidant additives 5%, ‎with some imported products containing banned colorant’s, and some national products ‎containing unclear labeling data, and most national and imported products in general ‎containing artificial dyes. Excessive consumption of them causes many health problems, ‎and most of them contain It contains many additives in one product, which may lead to ‎harm to children’s health, which requires the relevant authorities to intensify their efforts ‎to protect children’s health

Evaluation of the Domino Effect Caused by Pool Fires in a Tank Farm

Ibrahim Shaluf — 2024-11-13

Major hazard installations (MHIs), such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and terminals, use large-capacity storage tanks for storing crude oil and by-products. Pool fire is one of the most common types of storage tank fire incidents. This technical article aims to investigate the domino effect resulting from a pool fire in a tank farm consisting of eight large floating-roof storage tanks, with a focus on four specific tanks. A crude oil storage tank was selected as the primary tank (source tank). Point source and plume solid models were used to estimate the thermal radiation. It has been noted that the thermal radiation from the source tank to the adjacent tank in the same dike exceeds the threshold heat radiation level and might result in a domino effect; however, the thermal radiation from the source tank alone does not reach the threshold level for the tanks in the other dike. Additionally, it was found that the thermal radiation from both the primary and secondary tanks just reaches the threshold level for the farther-away tank in the other dike. The domino effect occurs provided that the firefighting system is not activated and the emergency response team does not intervene within ten minutes.

A Survey and Identification of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) in The Regions East of Wadi Al-Ajal (Ubari) Southern Libya

Sulaiman Fadel — 2024-11-15

This study aims to identify and identify nematodes parasitic on grape plants in the areas east of Wadi Al-Ajal “Ubari” in southern Libya, where it surveyed 14 fields in the spring of 2014. These areas are famous for growing grapes: Al-Abyad, Bin Harith, Al-Hamra, Akhlaif, and Al-Qalaa. I collected 50 soil and root samples, at a 1:1 ratio, from grape bushes whose external appearance indicated a possible nematode infestation. The symptoms were as follows: stunted plants, pale leaves, few in number، small in size, yellowing, and lack of growth. Nematodes were isolated using Berman funnels and sieves, conducted in the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture - Sebha University, Libya. The results indicated the presence of five genera associated with grape plants in the study areas. Four genera belong to the Tylenchida order, which is the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp., the canker nematode Pratylenchus spp., the spiral nematode genus Rotylenchus spp., and the genus Helicotylenchus spp., and the prevalence of these genera in the fields was 100%, 35.71%, 35.71%, and 7.14%, respectively, and only one genus belongs to the order Dorylaimida, which is the xiphoid nematode Xiphinema spp. with a prevalence rate of 7.14%. As for the distribution of these genera in the different study areas, and from the results of the inventory, it was found that the spread of the root-knot nematode M. Spp. in all regions, followed by the canker nematode P. Spp. was recorded in most areas except the Qalaa area, followed by the spiral nematode genus R. Spp. ranked third in Al-Abyad, Al-Khalif, and Al-Qalaa. In contrast, the lowest presence was recorded only for the spiral nematode genus H. Spp. and xiphoid nematode X. Spp. in the Akhlif area. Thus, the Akhlif area is the only area where all species parasitic on grape plants were recorded in the study area.

Prevalence and Etiology of Otomycosis in West Libya

Ali Elarabi — 2024-11-16

Fungal otitis media is a frequently case facing otolaryngologists due to its recurrence and long-Fungal otitis media is a frequent condition faced by otolaryngologists due to its recurrence and long-term treatment period. The infection starts in the outer ear canal and may reach the inner ear. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the fungal species causing inflammation of the auditory canal, identify the main causes and contributing factors to the spread and increased incidence of ear fungal infection, and determine the relationship between otomycosis occurrence and age, gender, and diabetes. Additionally, the study aimed to compare the incidence of otomycosis among different areas. A total of 205 ear swabs were collected from patients visiting national clinics and hospitals. The samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and Czapek-Dox agar and incubated at 30°C for a week. Nine fungal species belonging to four genera were isolated: Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Penicillium spp., and Candida spp. The current study showed a predominance of Aspergillus spp. isolates, with a rate of 82.67%, making it the main cause of fungal ear infection; however, Penicillium spp. was the least prevalent. Among the fungal species, A. niger was dominant, with a prevalence rate of 41.16%. The prevalence of ear infection was higher in females (62.82%) than in males (37.17%), and the infection was most common in the age group from one to twenty years (39.35%), while it was less frequent in older age groups. In coclusion, The study concluded that otomycosis is widely prevalent in western Libya, with Aspergillus niger as the predominant etiological agent.

Reference Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System at Shahat in Libya

Mohamed Momen — 2024-07-09

This study was conducted to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Shahat region in Libya using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) compared to the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (FPM56). The climate data series of Shahat Meteorological Station was used for the time period between 1963 and 1999. Six combinations of these climate data were used as inputs to the ANFIS model. These combinations are composed of mean temperature (T_mean), mean relative humidity (RH_mean), and extraterrestrial radiation (R_a), the latter is calculated value from location and time of the year. The ANFIS model was trained using 70% of the data, and the remaining part of the data was divided into two halves, 15% for validation phase and 15% for testing phase. The results of this study showed that the value of the root mean square error (RMSE) ranged between 0.32-0.96 (mm.d^-1) and the value of determination coefficient (R²) ranged between 0.7-0.98 during the testing phase. This study confirmed the fact that the (ANFIS) technique is an accurate method for estimating ETo, especially in the absence of complete climate data.