leaf extracts compared to paracetamol on the body temperature of male rats exposed to bacterial infection
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to compare the biological effectiveness of polar extracts from the leaves of the Melia azedarach plant with each other, as well as to compare their effect with the drug paracetamol on the average body temperature of 90 Wistar albino rats exposed to bacterial infection. The rats were divided into 8 groups. The first group, which included 5 healthy animals, was designated as the negative control group. The remaining groups (G2-G8) were all injected with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (100 µL) behind the neck. G2 consisted of 5 infected animals that received no treatment and was designated as the positive control group. G3 also contained 5 infected animals but was treated with paracetamol at a daily oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 3 days.For the remaining groups (G4-G8), each group contained 15 animals, divided into 3 sub-groups. Each sub-group was exposed to one of three concentrations (100, 250, or 500 mg/kg body weight) of a specific leaf extract, varying in polarity. The extracts used were hexane (G4), petroleum ether (G5), chloroform (G6), acetone (G7), and ethanol (G8), administered once daily for 3 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected.The results of the study revealed a significant decrease in average body temperature (P<0.05), with statistically significant differences observed when compared to G1, G2, and G3. The extracts contained active compounds with antibacterial properties that played a role in enhancing immunity and reducing inflammation, leading to a more effective reduction in fever compared to paracetamol. The effectiveness of the extracts was graded as follows: ethanolic extract > acetone > petroleum ether > chloroform > hexane. The hexane extract was the least biologically effective in reducing the average temperature, and the decrease in temperature was observed to be concentration-dependent across all extracts.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Rang, HP., Dale, MM., & Ritter, JM. (1992). Ant-inflammatory and immune-suppressant drugs. In: Pharmacology. 4th ed. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone. 229-47.
Ukwuani, AN., Abubakar MG., Warra, SH., & Agaie, B.M. (2012). Antipyretic Activity of Some Nigerian Medicinal Plants in Rats. Int J Pharm Res. 4(4):48-51.
Gege-Adebayo, GI., Bassi, AS., Igbokwe, VU., & Shafe M.O. (2013). Antipyretic effect of Ocimum gratissium on brewer’s yeast induced fever in wistar rats. J Med Med Sci. 4(6):247-251.
Santra, S., Naik, M., Behera, R., Agrawal, D., Kumar, S., & Patnaik, Sh. (2014). Antipyretic Effect of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extract (Neem Leaf Extract) on Albino Rats. RJPBCS. 5(6):669.15
Tan, Ch., L., & Knight, A.Z. (2018). Regulation of body temperature by the nervous system. PMC. 98(1): 31–48.
Milton, AS., Wendlandt S.(1971).Effects on body temperature of prostaglandins of A, E and F series on injection in to the third ventricle of an anaesthetized cats and rabbits. J Physiol.218: 325-236.
Bertolini, A., Ferrari, A., Ottani, A., Guerzoni, S., Tacchi, R. & Leone, S. (2006). Paracetamol: new vistas of an old drug. Pub Med. 12(3-4):250-752.
Bebenista, M, J., & Nowak, J. (2014). Paracetamol: Mechanism of Action, Application and Safety Concern. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceu. 71(1):11-23.
WHO (1998). Regulatory situation of herbal medicines. A worldwide review, Geneva, Switzerland: 1–5.
Sree, S. M. (2013). Evaluation of Polyphytoxtct of Murrayakoenigii and Azadirechta Indica for antimicrobial activity. In J of Pharma & Toxic. 3(2):71-74.
القاضي، عبد الله عبد الحكيـم، حسين، أبو البشر محمد عنايت.(1986): النباتات السامة في ليبيا، الهيئة القومية للبحث العلمي، طرابلس – ليبيا.
Sumathi, A., (2013). Evaluation Of Physico-chemical and Phytochemical Parameters of Melia Azedarach. L Leaves (Family: Meliaceae). Acad Sci. 2(5):104-107.
Tanwar R., Naqvi, S.M. Pahare, A., & Thakur, A. (2016). Screening of Extract Leaf Extract of Azadirachta Indica For Its Antimicrobial L Activity Against Escherichia Coli and Staphylo-coccus aureus. I A J P R. 6(02):4447-4448.
Sultana, S. Akhtar, N. & Asif, H. (2013). Phytochemical screening and antipyretic effects of hydro-methanol extract of Melia azedarach leaves in rabbits. Bangladesh J Pharm. 10(8): 214-217.
Saleem, R., Ahmad, S., Shamim, S., Faizi, Sh., Siddiqui, B.S. (2002). Antibacterial effect of Melia azedarach flowers on Rabbits. Inter Science. (16):762-764.
Sidaye, R., Dhanawade, A., & Mansha, K., Aishwarya, G. (2011). Synthesis, anti-microbial and antimycobacterial activity of nicotinic-acid hydrazide derivatives. Curr. Pharma. Res. 4(1): 135-139.
Sen, A., & Batra, A.(2012). Chemical composition of methanol extract of leaves of Melia Azedarach L. Academic Sciences. Asian. J. Pharm. Clini. Rese. 3(5):42-45.
Rao, AS., Ahmed, M.F. & Ibrahim, M. (2012). Hepatoprotective activity of Melia azedarach leaf extract against simvastatin induced Hepatotoxicity in rats. J. of App. Phar. Sci. 2(7): 144-148.
Kwawukume, AA., Aninga, KG., Awunib, JA., Otsyinac, H., & Awumbila, B. (2013). The effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf extract on white blood cell count and the immune response of chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine. Int J Curr Sci. 5(7): 23-31.
Ekaidem, I.S., & Enry Akpan, H.D. (2016). Adverse Haematological Changes in Plasmodium Infected Mice Following Treatment with Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Extract. JAMPS. 9(2):1-8.
Benista, M., & Nowak, J.Z. (2014). Paracetamol: Mechanism of Action, Applications and Safety Concern. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceu Drug Res. 71(1): 11-23.
عفيفي، فتحي عبد العزيز وعطى، محمود السيد. (2002). المستخلصات النباتية والفعالية البيولوجية. مكتبة الثقافة الدينية. القاهرة. جمهورية مصر العربية. الطبعة الأولى.
Ascough, S., Ingram, RJ., Chu, KKY., Musson JA., Moore, SJ., Gallagher, Th., Baillie, L., Williamso, ED., Robinson, JH., Maillere, B., Boyton, RJ., & Altmann, DM. (2016). CD4+ T Cells Targeting Dominant and Cryptic Epitopes from Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor. Frontiers in Microbiology. 6:1-12.
Sharma, K., Agrawal, D., Dehury, S., Das, P., Swain, TR., Kumar, S. (2015). Study of Effect of Azadirachta Indica Seed Oil (Neem Seed Oil) on A Model of Pyrexia in Albino rats. RJPBCS. 6(4): 1160.
Okpanyi, S., & Ezeukwu, G. (1996). Anti-inflamatory and antipyretic activities of Azadirachta indica. Planta Medica. 1(41):34–39.
Kumar, S., Vandana, U.K., Agrawal, D., & Jagadish, H. (2013). Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-Pyretic Effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Extract in Albino Rats. IJSR. 4(8):714-721.
Urquiaga, I., & Leighton, F. (2000). Plant polyphenol antioxidants and oxidative stress. Biol. Res. (33):55- 64.