Effect of Toxicity Zinc Chloride, Bulk Zinc Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Survive and Life Cycle the Amphipod Corophium Volutator (Pallas)
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Amphipod, Zinc Oxide, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Zinc Chloride, Corophium
Abstract
The amphipod, Corophium volutator, was exposed to zinc chloride, bulk zinc oxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles to assess toxicity on the survive, growth, and life cycle. The results showed that waterborne exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles was significantly more toxic to C. volutator than when organisms were exposed via sediment. The survival decreased with increasing zinc chloride concentration after 4 weeks of exposure. However, for zinc oxide nanoparticles, survival was not affected. Following 14 weeks, organisms were more affected at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mg/L; the percentage of survival declined to less than 70% for all experimental samples. The average length of C. volutator after 4 weeks was lower than the control at the concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L for animals exposed to zinc chloride and bulk but not for zinc oxide nanoparticles. After 9 weeks, zinc chloride and bulk zinc oxide had a more significant effect on C. volutator growth compared to zinc oxide nanoparticles. However, at the end of the exposure to bulk zinc oxide, organisms were slightly smaller.
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