Evaluation of various types of imported emitters used in drip irrigation systems in Libya
Article Sidebar
-
coefficient of manufacturing variation, drip irrigation systems, emitters, water distributers
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate various types of imported emitters used in drip irrigation systems in Libya. Two types of point source emitters were evaluated; namely on-line emitters and in-line emitters. One model of the in-line emitters were evaluated. The evaluated model of the in-line emitters were manufactured in Egypt. In this model, the emitters were designed to be attached to the lateral tube line from two sides. Three models of on-line emitters were tested in this study. The evaluated models of on-line emitters were manufactured in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. A sample of fifty new emitters from each model were tested in laboratory. Each emitter was operated alone for twenty minutes at a reference pressure head of 10.7 meters. The discharged water from each emitter was collected and measured. The coefficient of manufacturing variation for each sample was calculated from the discharge data (converted to liter per hour) of the samples. To determine emitter discharge exponent for each sample, two emitters of each type were operated (alone) at two different pressure heads; namely 2 and 5 meters. The results showed that the coefficient of manufacturing variation was 0.32 for the in-line Egyptian emitters and 0.23, 0.15 and 0.11 for the Greek, Egyptian and Italian on-line emitters, respectively. According to the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the in-line Egyptian emitters and the Greek on-line emitters can be classified as unacceptable whereas the on-line emitters were classified as marginal and poor quality for Italian and Egyptian on-line emitters, respectively. This classification rely on emitter coefficient of manufacturing variation which was determined in this study. The emitter discharge exponents were 0.63 for the Egyptian in-line emitters and 0.43, 0.40 and 0.31 for the on-line emitters imported from Egypt, Greece and Italy, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the discharges of the on-line tested emitters are less sensitive to variation in operating pressure than the in-line Egyptian emitters. This is due to low emitter discharge exponents of the on-line emitters.
Full text article
References
1- العمود ، احمد بن ابر اهيم، (1998). نظم الري بالنتقيط، النشر العلم والمملبي. جامعة الملك سعود.
2- الغصني، على عثمن. (2010). تقييم بعض أنواع المنقطات المصنعة محليا والستخدمة في أنظمة الري بالتنقيط فى الجماهيرية. مجلة جامعة سبها. 9: 24—30.
3- Keller, J. and R. D. Bliesner. (1990). Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
4- Solomon, K. H. (1986). Selection of Trickle Irrigation Emitters. IN: Micro-Irhgation Methods U.S..S é.iL.S3 0.4 Materials Update. Conference Proceedings, D. F. Zoldockov and M. Y. Miyaaki (Eds.) August 22-23, California Agricultural tech Institute.
5- Vermeiren, L. and G. L. Jobling. (1980). Localized Irrigation: design, installation,
operation and evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. F A O Irrigation and Drainage Paper 36.
6- Dasberg, S. and D. Or. (1999). Drip Irrigation. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heideberg New York, 162p.
7- Karmeli, D. and J. Keller. (1975). Trickle Irrigation Design. Rain Bird Sprinkler Hfg. Crop Glendora, California. pp. 133.
8- Solomon, K. (1979). Manufacturing Variation Of Emitters in Trickle Irrigation Systems.. Transaction of American Socie<' of Engineering.
9- Bucks A- , and W. Warrick. (19821. Principles, Practices and Potentialities Of (Drip) IN: in D. Hillel (Editor)' Academic Press, York,. VOL I pp. 219-298.
10- Bralts, V. F. (19861. Operational Principles: Field Performance Evaluation _ IN: Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production, Design, Operation Management. F. S. Naavama and Bucks (Eds_l, Elsevier Science Publishers V., pp.: 1-26.
11- Solomon, K. H. and J. Keller. (1978). Trickle Irrigation Systems Uniformiq- and Efficiency. J. Irrig. and Drain. Div. ASCE 104: 293-306.
12- Wu, 1. and H. M. Gitlin (1983). Drip Irrigation Application Efficiency and Schedules. Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineering. ASAF Paper No. 81-2078.
13- Nakayama, F. S. , D. A. Bucks and A. J- Clemmens. (1979). Assessing Trickle Emitter Application Uniformity. Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineering- 22:816-820.
14- Karmeli, D. , G. Peri and M. Todes- (1985)- Irrigation Systems: Design and Operation- Oxford University Press, Cape Town. , 187p-
15- Benami, A. and A. Ofen. (1984). Irrigation Engineering. Irrigation Engineering Scientific Publication (IESP). Haifa, Israel. pp. 161-163.
16- Boswell, M. J. (1985). Design characteristics of line-source drip tubes. IN: Proceedings of the third International Drip/ Trickle Irrigation Congress, Fresno, California, 18-22 November, ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan, USA.
17- Merriam, J. L. and J. Keller. (1978). Farm Irrigation System Evaluation: a Guide for Management. Utah State University, Logan, Utah., 27 Ip.
18- American Society of Agricultural Engineers. (1995). Standards, Design, Installation and Performance of Trickle Irrigation. ASAE Standard EP405.
19- American Society of Civil Engineers. (1978). Describing irrigation efficiency and uniformity. On-farm irrigation committee of the Irrigation and Drainage Division. Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, 104: 35-41.
Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In a brief statement, the rights relate to the publication and distribution of research published in the journal of the University of Sebha where authors who have published their articles in the journal of the university of Sebha should how they can use or distribute their articles. They reserve all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights:
- Copyright and other property rights related to the article, such as patent rights.
- Research published in the journal of the University of Sebha and used in its future works, including lectures and books, the right to reproduce articles for their own purposes, and the right to self-archive their articles.
- The right to enter a separate article, or for a non-exclusive distribution of their article with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in the journal of Sebha University.
Privacy Statement The names and e-mail addresses entered on the Sabha University Journal site will be used for the aforementioned purposes only and for which they were used.