A Review of Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Animals in Libya
Article Sidebar
-
Toxoplasmosis, Cats, T. gondii, Libya
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a widely distributed zoonotic infection, caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondiiin both humans and animals. The review summarizes published data on mode of infections, prevalence, life cycle, clinical aspects diagnosis, and risk factors of T. gondii in Libya. There is no adequate information exists on the mode of T. gondii transmission in Libya. Presence of stray cats and rodents in the houses and farms in different Libyan cities, probably play an important role in the maintaining the life cycle of T. gondii in the region. Libyan people might be also getting infection of T. gondii either by ingesting raw and undercooked grilled meat of lamb on festive occasions and sacrifice feasts and very often in restaurants on road side or by handling contaminated meat. Handling of infected meat by abraded hands at home might be transmitting toxoplasmosis to some extent through blood from broken skin especially among women in Libya. Diagnosis of T. gondii infection in Libya is based on serological detection of specific anti- Toxoplasma immunoglobulin, using different serological tests which have varied sensitivity and specificity in place to place. Various serological tests showed that toxoplasmosis is prevalent in eastern and western regions compared to southern parts of different Libyan localities from past few decades without any health education and control programmed. Prevalence of anti-ToxoplasmaIgG was more than anti-Toxoplasma IgM among pregnant women and patients. Variations in seroprevalence of T. gondii in Libya seem to correlate to lifestyle of cats (stray vs. pet), serological test utilized, climatic conditions, category of patients the with eating and hygiene habits of a population and other undefined factors. Little is known on the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in livestock. The sheep showed high seroprevalence and are suitable host for T. gondii in Libya.
Full text article
References
Abu Setta, A. M. and Yamani, R.H. (2008): Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in nonpregnant women in Tripoli, Libya. Egypt. J. Hospt. Med. 31: 198-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2008.19003
Achaw, B.,Tesfa,H., Zeleke, A.J.,Worku, L., Addisu, A.,Yigzaw, N. and Tegegne, Y. (2019):Sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors among psychiatric outpatients attending University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC. Infect. Dis. 19, 581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4234-6
Addebbous, A., Adarmouch, L., Tali, A., Laboudi, M., Amine, M., et al. (2012): IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies among asymptomatic HIV-infected patients in Marrakesh-Morocco. Acta. Trop. 123: 49–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.02.070
Ahmad, S. and Tasawar, Z. (2015): Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Four Ovine Breeds of Cholistan Desert of Pakistan. Pakistan J. Life and Soc. Sci.13 (2): 91‐96.
Akanmu, A.S., Osunkalu, V.O., Ofomah, J.N. and Olowoselu, F.O. (2010): Pattern ofdemographic risk factors in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in HIV infected patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Nig. Q. J. Hosp. Med. 20: 1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/nqjhm.v20i1.57974
Al-Ghariane, N.J. (2006): The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in women from Benghazi, Libya. M.Sc. Thesis, Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya.
Ali, R.H., Elkadi M.A., Mokhtar, A., Kassem, H. and Mansur, F.A.F. (2018): Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Benghazi, Libya: Evidence of Type I Strain. IOSR J. Den. Med. Sci. (IOSR-JDMS). 17 (12):28-32.
Ali, W.K., Hend , S., Ramadan, A., Walid , K.S., Badereddin A., Sumaia R. A. andBasma D. (2019): Screening of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and Risk factors among Patients in Asabieh City, Libya. J. Med. Biomed. App. Sci.7:255-259.
Aljabali, F. M. (2008):Seoprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Zawia, Surman and Sabrata, Libya. M.Sc. Thesis, Biology Department, Academy of Graduate Study, Tripoli, Libya.
Al-Jebouri, M., Al-Janabi, M. and Ismail, H. (2013): The prevalence of toxoplasmosis among female patients in Al-Hawija and Al- Baiji Districts in Iraq. Open J. Epidemiol. 3: 85-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2013.32013
Alkateb, A., Flamer, O., Bellasher, A., Shakshoky, G., Albellazy, M. and Abudher , A. (2007): Role of the meat in transmission of toxoplasmosis . Infec. End. Dis.Tech. Prog. Sci. Conf (IEDTPSC), Tripoli, Libya, pp.83.
AlKhunfas, S.R. (2008). Toxoplasmosis in Newborn Babies in Al-Jala Maternity Hospital, Tripoli, Libya.M.Sc. Thesis Biology Department, Academy of Graduate Study, Liba.
Al-Mabruk, A. A., Alkhunfas, S. R., El-buni, A. A., Badereddin , B. A. and Elsaid, M. M. A. (2013) : Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sheep from Libya. Int. J. Adv. Res. 1(9): 148-154.
Al-Nahari, A.M. and Al-Tamimi, A.S. (2010):SeroprevalenceOf Anti Toxoplasma gondiiIgG and IgM Among Pregnant Women in Sana’a Capital and Capital Trusteeship. Scientific J. King Faisal Uni. (Basic and applied Sciences).11 (2): 179-188.
Alshaibani, F.E. (2017):Toxoplasma gondii antibody prevelance in Libyan epileptic children. A Contolled study.Doctoral Thesis Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Facultad de.MedicinaDepartamento de Pediatría.
Alzaidy, G. M. (2007): Seroepidemiological study on toxoplasmosis in women in some areas of El-Jabal El-Akhdar district. M.Sc. Thesis, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Elbeda, Libya.
Araujo, F.G. and Slifer, T. (2003): Different strains of Toxoplasma gondii induce different cytokine responses in CBA/Ca mice. Infect. Immun. 71: 4171–4174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.7.4171-4174.2003
Azwai. S.M..Gammoudi. F.T. and Gameel,S.E.A.M. (1993): A serological survey of toxoplasmosis in some animal species in Libya. Alex. J. Vet. Sci., 9(3), 133–135.
Bader, G. J. (2002): Seroprevalence of T. gondii, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C VirusInfections during pregnancy. M.Sc. Thesis ,Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya.
Barbara, W.B. and Gharbi, M. (2019):Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis in North Africa: a review. Parasit. 26:1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019006
Ben Abdallah, R., Siala, E., Bouafsoun, A., Maatoug, R., Souissi, O., Aoun, K. and Bouratbine, A. (2013): Toxoplasmosis mother-to-childscreening: study of cases followed in the Pasteur Institute ofTunis (2007–2010). Bulletin de la Société de PathologieExotique, 106, 108–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-013-0287-8
Boshapor, S. O. and Kassem, H. H. (2015): Incidence of Toxoplasma antibodies among women in Benjawad , Libya. Proceedings of32ndThe II ER International Conference, Dubai,UAE.8th August, 2015.ISBN978-93-85465-69-7.
Buxton, D., Thomson, K., Maley, S., Wright, S. and Bos, H.J. (1991): Vaccination of sheep with a live incomplete strain (S48) of Toxoplasma gondiiand their immunity to challenge when pregnant. Vet. Rec. 129, 89–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.5.89
Camossi, L.G., Greca-Junior, H., Correa, A.P., Richini-Pereira, V.B., Silva, R.C., et al (2011): Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in the milk of naturally infected ewes. Vet. Parasitol. 177: 256–261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.007
Dahmani, A., Harhoura, K., Aissi, M., Zenia, S., Hamriouri, B., Guechi, N., AitAthmane, M. and Kadour R. (2018): The zoonotic protozoan of sheep carcasses in the north of Algeria: A case of ovine toxoplasmosis. J. Hell. Vet. Med.Soc. 69: 1004–1012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.18385
Döskaya, M., Caner, A., Can, H., Iz, S. G., Gedik, Y., Döskaya, A. D. et al, (2014): Diagnostic value of a Rec-ELISA using Toxoplasma gondii recombinant SporoSAG, BAG1, and GRA1 proteins in murine models infected orally with tissue cysts and oocysts. PLoS ONE 9:e108329. 10.1371/journal.pone.0108329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108329
Dubey, J. P. (1997): Validation of the specificity of the modified agglutination test for toxoplasmosis in pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 71, 307–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00016-2
Dubey, J. P. and Jones, J. L. (2008).Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals inThe United States.Int. J. Parasitol. 38 (11):1257-1278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007
Dubey, J.P. (2009): History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Int. J. Parasitol. 39: 877–882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.01.005
Dubey, J. P. (2010).Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans.Second Ed .Boca Raton, F.L., CRC Press.pp.133.
Dubey, J. P., Ness, L. S., Kwok, O. C. H., Choudhary, S. Mittel, L. D. and Divers, T. J. (2014).Seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic donkeys(Equusasinus) and isolation of T. gondiifrom cats.Vet.Parasitol.199 (1-2): 18-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.027
Ebrahim, M. A. M. (2013): The prevalence of human Toxoplasmosis in Fezzan region. M.Sc. Thesis, Biology Department, the Libyan Academy, Tripoli, Libya..
Edvinsson, B., Lundquist, J., Ljungman, P., Ringden, O. and Evengard, B. (2008): A prospective study of diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection after bone marrow transplantation. APMIS 116: 345–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00871.x
Elammari, N.E.,Sariti, S.R.,Miftah, H.H.A. andAlAbbar, M.Y. (2021):Seroprevalence of IgG and IgM of Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women at El-Beida city-Libya. Int. J. Med. Sci. Cli. Res. Rev. 4(5):7-13.
El-Gomati, K.M., Rashed, A.M; El-Naas, A.S. and Elsaid, M.M. (2008):Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Libyan sheep (Fat-Tailed Barbary).Assiut. Vet. Med. J. 54(119):1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2008.176288
El-Gomati, K. M., Rashed, A. M., El-Naas, A. S., Elsaid, M.M. and El-Sattar, S.R. (2010): A study on Toxoplasma gondii in mice (Musmusculus) in Tripoli, Libya. African J. Biol. Sci. 6(2): 123-126.
Elgodwi, S. (2020): Comparative study oof the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in aborted women between Sabha and Tripli city. 3rdInt, Conf. Tech. Scie.28-30 Nov., Tripoli, Libya.
Elsaid, M. A. M., Azbedah, A. G., DiaEddin , E. E. and Alkout, A. (2014): The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in psychiatric patients in Tripoli, Libya. J Am. Sci.10 (5): 135-140.
El-sayed, N. M. and Almannoni, S. A.S. (2016):Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Sebha region, Libya. Int. J.All. Med. Sci. Clin. Res.(IJAMSCR). 4 (3): 383-391.
Elyadi, J.M. Jaber, Z.M. and Mohammed, N. (2017):The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosisamong pregnant women in Tarhuna city.J. Sci.Tech. (Medical Science). 1 (1/2):10-16.
F.A.O. (2016): Livestock contribution to food security in the near East and North Africa. 33 rd Session. Rome, Italy, 9–13 May.
Flegr, J., Prandota, J., Sovicˇkova, M. and Israili, Z. H. (2014): Toxoplasmosis – A Global Threat. Correlation of Latent Toxoplasmosis with Specific Disease Burden in a Set of 88 Countries.PLoS ONE 9(3): e9020 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090203
Fricker-Hidalgo, H., Bulabois, C.E., Brenier-Pinchart, M.P., Hamidfar, R., Garban, F, et al. (2009): Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis after allogeneic stem celltransplantation: results of DNA detection and serological techniques. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48: e9–e15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/595709
Gamal, M.A.B. and Jaroud, R.B. (2015). Seroprevalence study of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma, and risk factors for Toxoplasma infestation among pregnant women in Alkhoms state, Libya.Lebda Med. J. 1, 15–19.
Gashout, A., Lazrag, T., Gashout , H. and Swedan, T. (2008): Qualitative assessment of risk of spontaneous abortion associated with Toxoplasma and Rubella: immunity appraisal. Libyan J. Infect. Dis. 2(1): 52-56.
Gashout, A., Ahmad, A., Mabruk, E., Hamida, A., Enas, E., Hamouda , B., Nabil, N. and Abdulhafid , A.( 2016) : Molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii in Libya. BMC Infect. Dis. 16: 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1491-5
Gazzinelli, R.T., Eltoum, I., Wynn, T. A. and Sher, A. (!993): Acute cerebral toxoplasmosis is induced by in vivo neutralization of TNF-alpha and correlates with the down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and other markers of macrophage activation. J. Immunol. 151:3672–3681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.7.3672
Gross, U. and Pohl, F. (1996): Influence of antimicrobial agents on replication and stage conversion of Toxoplasma gondii. Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. 219: 235–245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51014-4_21
Gusbi, A.M. (1986): Studies on Toxoplasmosis in farm animals in Libya. Trans.R. Soci.Trop.Med.Hyg. 80: 337.
Hana, A. Z., Ali, M. E. and Faraj, S. F. (2021):The incidence of Toxoplasma gondiiinfection in some patients from Sirte, Libya.Sirte Uni. Sci. J. (SUSJ).11(1): 75-84.
Haq, S.Z., Abushahama, M.S., Gerwash, O., Hughes, J.M., Wright, E..A, Elmahaishi, M..S, Lun, Z.R., Thomasson, D. and Hide, G. (2016): High frequency detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in human neonatal tissue from Libya. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 110: 551–557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trw064
Hatam-Nahavandi, K., Calero-Bernal, R., Rahimi, M.T., Pagheh, A.S., Zarean, M., Dezhkam, A. and Ahmadpour, E. (2021): Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic and wild felids as public health concerns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 9509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89031-8
Hayde, M. and Pollak, A. (2000): Clinical picture: neonatal signs and symptoms, in Congenital toxoplasmosis: scientific background, clinical management and control. Ambroise-Thomas P, Petersen E, Editors. Springer-Verlag France: Paris. p. 153–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0847-5_12
Hill, D.E., Chirukandoth, S. and Dubey, J.P. (2005): Biology and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in man and animals. Anim. Health. Res. Rev. 6 (1): 41–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/AHR2005100
Hill, D.E. and Dubey, J.P. (2013):Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in farm animals in the United States. Int. J. Parasitol. 43 (2):107–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.09.012
Hiramoto, R.M., Mayrbaurl-Borges, M., Galisteo, AJ.,Meireles, L.R., Macre, M.S., et al (2001): Infectivity of cysts of the ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii strain in bovine milk and homemade cheese. Rev. Saude. Publica. 35: 113–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102001000200002
Iddawela, D., Vithana, S.M. P. and Ratnayake, C. (2017):Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in SriLanka: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 17 (930):1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4941-0
Jiménez-Coello, M., Acosta-Viana, K. Y., Guzmán-Marín, E., Puerto-Solís, M. and Ortega-Pacheco, A. (2012): Toxoplasmosis: A relevant zoonotic food borne diseasein tropical conditions. African J. Microbiol. Res. 6 (12): 2956-2964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1548
Jones, J.L., Dargelas,V., Roberts, J. Press, C., Remington, J.S., and Montoya, J.G. (2009): Risk Factors for Toxoplasmagondii Infection in the United States.Clin. Infect. Dis.49: 878–884, https://doi.org/10.1086/605433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/605433
Kadle, A. A. H. ( 2014): Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in domestic animals in Benadir region, Somalia. Open. J. Vet. Med. 4:170-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2014.48019
Kariman, M.O.R. (2015):Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Sebha. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Science, Sebha University.
Khadre, M. A. and El-Nageh, M. M. (1987).Serological survey for toxoplasmosis in Tripoli, Libya.Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18(5): 761-763. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90023-X
Kassem, H. H. and Morsy,T. A.(1991).The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies among pregnant women in Benghazi, Libya.J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol.1: 69-74.
Kravetz, J.D. and Federman D.G. (2005): Prevention of Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy: Knowledge of Risk Factors. Infect. Dis. Obst. Gynecol. /Volume 13 |Article ID 753406 https://doi.org/10.1080/10647440500068305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10647440500068305
Laibe, S., Ranque, S., Curtille,t C., Faraut, F., Dumon, H, et al. (2006): Timely diagnosis of disseminated toxoplasmosis by sputum examination. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 646–648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.44.2.646-648.2006
Legnain, M. M. and Prawecka, M. (1983): Prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies and pregnancy wastage among women in Benghazi with Pertinent Review of Literature. Garyounis Med. J. 6(1): 69-77.
Liu Q., Wang Z. D., Huang S. Y., Zhu X. Q. (2015). Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit.Vectors 8:292.10.1186/s13071-015-0902-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0902-6
Macra, M. C., Ramos, J. J., Loste, A., Sfiez, T. and sanz, M. C. (1996): Comparison of indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and modified direct agglutination test methods for detection of Toxoplasma gondiiantibodies in adult sheep in Spain. Vet. Parasitol. 67: 99-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(96)01031-X
Magrhi, S., Abudher , A., Guma, N., Hagrasi, H., Mohammea, S., Mushbah, M., Ali, M. and Abeed, S. (2003): Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy outcome . Second National Biotechnology Conference Proceeding Book, Albeda, pp. 435-442.
Mahmoud, H., SaediDezaki, E., Soleimani, S., Baneshi, M.R., Kheirandish, F., Ezatpour, B. and Zia-Ali, N. (2015):Seroprevalence andrisk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among healthy blooddonors in southeast of Iran. Parasit.Immunol.37: 362–367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12198
Mahmoud, A.S., Alarwiy, A.O. Ganghish, K.S., Alhares, A., Sabei, L., Altaesh, M. and Algeriany M. (2019): Seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondiiinfection in women from Tripoli, Libya. Am. J. Prev. Med. Public. Health.5 (3): 45-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/ajpmph.20190625055602
Markell, E.K., Voge, M.A. and John, D.T. (1992): Medical Parasitology. Seventh Eds. W.B. Saunders Companey, Tokiyo. 47-75.
Mousa, D. A., Mohammed, M. A. and Toboli, A. B. (2011) :Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women with previous adverse pregnancy outcome. Med. J. Islam. Wold. Acad. Sci. 19(2): 95-102.
Murat, H. and Michael, S.B. (2019): Toxoplasmosis clinical presentation. March 8,emedicine.Medscope.com/article/229969
Nimir, A.R., Osman, E., Ibrahim, I.A.A. and Saliem, A.M. (2013): Is it toxoplasma encephalitis, HIV encephalopathy or brain tuberculoma? British Med. J. Case Rep. 2013. [CrossRef] [PubMed]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-008803
Pardini, L., Bernstein, M., Carral, L.A., Kaufer, F.J., Dellarupe, A., Gos, M.L., Campero, L.M., Moré, G., Messina, M.T., Schneider, M.V., Freuler, C.B., Durlach, R.A., Unzaga, J.M. and Venturini, M.C. (2018): Congenital human toxoplasmosis caused by non-clonal Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Argentina. Parasitol.Int. 68: 48–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2018.10.002
Pinto, B., Mattei, R., Moscato, G.A., Cristofano, M., Giraldi, M., Scarpato, R., Buffolano, W. andBruschi, F. (2017):Toxoplasma infection in individuals in central Italy: does a gender-linked risk exist. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.36(4):739-746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2857-8
Polley, L. and Thompson, R.C.A. (2009): Parasite zoonoses and climate change: Molecular tools for tracking shifting boundaries. Trends Parasitol, 25, 285–291. [CrossRef] [PubMed]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2009.03.007
Rajaa, A. A. and Awatif M. A. (2019): Risk factors of toxoplasmosis in Libya: a brief review. J. Pure. Appl. Sci (JOPAS). 18:98-103. www.Suj.sebhau.edu.ly ISSN 2521-9200.
Remington, J.S., McLeod, R. and Desmonts, G. (1995): Toxoplasmosis, in Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, vol 4, Remington JS, Klein JO, Editors. WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA. p. 140–267.
Robert-Gangneux, F. and Dardé, M.L. (2012): Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin.Microbiol.Rev. 25: 264–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05013-11
Rorman, E., Zamir C. S., Rilkis, I. and Ben-David H. (2006): Congenital toxoplasmosis-prenatal aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Reprod. Toxicol. 21, 458–472. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.10.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.10.006
Rouatbi, M., Amairia,S., Amdouni, Y., Boussaadoun, M.A., Ayadi, Q., Al-Hosary, A.A.T., Rekik, M., Abdallah, R.B., Aoun, K., Mohamed Aziz Darghouth,M.A., Salem, R. S., Mohamed, A. A. and Randa, M. E. (2019):Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondiiamong pregnant women in Misurata, Libya. Second Symposium on Theories and Applications of Basic and Biosciences, 5th September, 2015, Misurata, Libya.
Sabin, A. B. and Feldman, H. A. (1948): Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoon parasite (Toxoplasma). Science 108, 660–663. 10.1126/science.108.2815.660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.108.2815.660
Salima, O. B. and Kassem, H. H. (2015): Incidence of Toxoplasma antibodies among women in Benjawad , Libya. Proceedings of 32ndThe II ER International Conference, Dubai, UAE.8th August, 2015.ISBN978-93-85465-69-7.
Saraei, M., Shojaee, S., Esmaeli, A., Jahani-Hashemi, H. and Keshavarz, H. (2010): Evaluation of confounders in toxoplasmosis indirect fluorescent antibody assay. Iran J. Parasitol. 5, 55–62.
Silveira C, Vallochi AL, da Silva UR, Muccioli C, Holland GN, et al. (2011): Toxoplasma gondiiin the peripheral blood of patients with acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 95: 396–400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2008.148205
Subasinghe, S. D. L. P., Karunaweera, N.D., Kaluarachchi, A., Abayaweera, C.A., Gunatilake, M. H., Ranawaka, J., Jayasundara, D. M. C. S. and. Gunawardena, S. A.(2011): Toxoplasma gondiiseroprevalence among two selected groups of pregnant women. Sri Lankan J. Infec. Dis. 1(1): 9-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/sljid.v1i1.3091
Swalem, A. M. and Feturi, A. (1994): Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Benghazi. Garyounis Med. J. 17 (1- 2): 14-20.
Tenter A.M., Heckeroth, A.R. and Weiss, L.M. (2000):Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int. J. Parasitol. 30: 1217–1258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00124-7
Toxoplasmosis B.K.J. (2014): In: Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences.
Uhl, S. (2001): North African cuisine, in Food Ingredients Online, Available on https://www.foodingredientsonline. com/doc/north-african-cuisine-0001. Consulted [18/11/2018].
Weiss, L.M. and Dubey, J.P. (2009): Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. Int. J. Parasitol. 39(8):895–901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.004
Yazar, S., Eser, B and Yay, M. (2006): Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Turkish blood donors. Ethiop. Med. J. 44: 257–261.
Younis, E. E., Abuzeid, N. Z., Zakaria, M. and Mahmoud, M. R. (2015): Epidemiological studies on toxoplasmosis in small ruminants and equines in DakahliaGovernate, Egypt. Assiut. Vet. Med. J. 61(145):22-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2015.169756
Younis, E. Z. and Elamami, A.H. (2018): Anti- Toxoplasma gondiiIgG, IgM, and IgA among Type-2 Diabetic Patients in Benghazi Libya: A Comparison Study. J. Immunol.Microbiol. 2 (2): 1-5.
Yue,X., Jigang, Y., Ning, J., Mei, X., Lili, H., Huijun, L., Hong, S., Xianying, L., Huiji, X., Johan, A., Johan, L. and Qijun, Chen. (2010):Seroepidemiology of human Toxoplasma gondii infection in China. Xiao et al. BMC Infect. Dis.10:4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-4
Zeglam, S.B. and Sughi, M. (2017):Serprevalence of T. gondii among pregnant women in Msallata, Lnd related with spontaneous abortion.J.Edu. 1:1-11.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In a brief statement, the rights relate to the publication and distribution of research published in the journal of the University of Sebha where authors who have published their articles in the journal of the university of Sebha should how they can use or distribute their articles. They reserve all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights:
- Copyright and other property rights related to the article, such as patent rights.
- Research published in the journal of the University of Sebha and used in its future works, including lectures and books, the right to reproduce articles for their own purposes, and the right to self-archive their articles.
- The right to enter a separate article, or for a non-exclusive distribution of their article with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in the journal of Sebha University.
Privacy Statement The names and e-mail addresses entered on the Sabha University Journal site will be used for the aforementioned purposes only and for which they were used.
