E Evaluation of the Bioefficacy and Toxicity of Pomegranate Peel (Punica Granatum L.) Extracts Against Adults of the Red Flour Beetle Trbolium Castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
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Extract, Bio Efficacy, Red Flour Beetle, Pomegranate Peel, Exposure Duration
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the bioefficacy and toxicity of ethanolic and chloroform extracts pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) against adults of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) after 24 and 48 hours, and7days of treatment.The results revealed that pomegranate peel extracts exhibited high bioactivity in inducing adult mortality, with the ethanolic extract being more effective than the chloroform extract in causing higher mortality rates across all concentrations and exposure periods. The ethanolic extract achieved 100% mortality at aconcentrations of 2.0% after 7days compared to 93.33% for the chloroform extract at the same conditions. The study also revealed a strong positive correlation between increasing concentrations and adult mortality, as well as between longer exposure time and extract efficacy. Mortality rates increased with both higher concentration and prolonged exposure durations. Furthermore, the results showed that extract type, applied concentration, and exposure period were the most significant factors influencing the bioefficacy of the tested plant extracts. The extracts also demonstrated clear toxic effects against T. castaneum adults, with ethanolic extract being more toxic than the chloroform extract. After 24 hours of exposure, the LC50 and LC90 values for the ethanolic extract were 0.71% and 17.99% for the ethanolic extract, and 1.35% and 30.69% for the chloroform extract, respectively. Moreover, extract toxicity increased with longer exposure periods, as reflected by the reduction of LC50 and LC90 values, reaching 0.13% and 0.59% for the ethanolic extract and 0.17% and 1.39%for the chloroform extract after 7 days. This highlights the strong cumulative effect of the active compounds in the extracts against insects with prolonged exposure.
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