Green Synthesis of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic and Antibacterial Activity
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Calcium Oxide, Chicken Bone, Heterogeneous Catalyst, Esterification Reaction, Antibacterial activity
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles have been widely used to catalyse various types of organic reactions. The most widely used metal oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst is calcium oxide, due to its various properties, such as high activity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This study aims to utilise the biosynthesised material (CaO) as a catalyst for the esterification of acetic acid and to study its antibacterial activity. Calcium oxide was prepared from waste chicken bones by calcining them at 800 °C for 7 h. The sample was then characterised by FTIR, N₂ sorption, TEM, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The catalytic activity was tested for the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. The antibacterial effect was tested against two types of Gram-positive bacteria. The esterification reaction was carried out at different temperatures (40, 60, and 80 °C) and reaction times (60, 120, and 180 min). The prepared catalyst was able to achieve an acid conversion of up to 70%. The reusability test was conducted under the same reaction conditions; the catalyst was reused and achieved an acid conversion of about 69%, which was very close to the original CaO. This indicates that the catalyst did not lose its catalytic activity during the reaction. The antibacterial activity of CaO against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes was evaluated by exposure to CaO at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 mg/mL. The antimicrobial efficacy of CaO was concentration-dependent; as NP concentration increased, the inhibition zone increased.
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References
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